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The US dropped 2 bombs on Japan on 6th august and 9th august.

Nuclear bombs were used for the first time in the war.

Actually, there are many ways of making a nuclear bomb.

First is the nuclear Fission reaction, Where one nucleus explodes and Splits into 2 small nuclei So much energy is released, and the reason for the splitting is that we throw a neutron on it. And it gives out neutron too. When a bomb is made this way, then it is called a normal nuclear bomb.

The second way is nuclear fusion, Where we create an environment of so much energy. And then 2 nuclei combine to make a nucleus, and it releases so much energy and neutrons. If all these reactions are not controlled then they become an Uncontrolled Chain Reaction. And so much energy is released due to its constant repetition. In fact, The energy from the sun comes to us due to nuclear Fusion only, and when a bomb is made this way, then it is called a thermonuclear bomb.

And sometimes, bombs are made through the combination of these 2 too.

Hello, friends!

The year was 1999.

Some Pakistani soldiers infiltrated Indian territory.

And the Indian Defence Forces retaliated bravely.

Soon, a full-fledged war ensued between India and Pakistan.

The war is now known as the Kargil War.

Kargil War of 1999.

This place became the center of much international intrigue and war.

Between India and Pakistan.

22 years ago, India was betrayed by its neighbor Pakistan.

Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee,

made it clear that India would emerge victoriously.

The world has seen that we want peace

now the world will see that to protect the peace

we can use strength if we need to.

One of the most famous war heroes of the Kargil War

was Captain Vikram Batra.

Recently, a film has been made about him.

Shersaah.

On Amazon Prime Video.

So I thought that this would be a good opportunity to make this article.

Hello, friends!

For the last two months, the Taliban is strengthening its foothold on Afghanistan. And the Afghan government is losing its control.

According to the news reports, 90% of Afghanistan's borders are now under the Taliban's control.

Hello, friends! Mostly, people know Rabindranath Tagore because he wrote our National Anthem. But do you know? He was the first Asian to win a Nobel prize. Apart from being a Nobel prize-winning author, he was a fine poet with an extensive collection of poems. He was also a music composer. He had composed more than 2,200 songs. He was also proficient in painting.

There are more than 2,300 artworks to his name. Additionally, he was an enthusiastic traveler. In his era, he had traveled to 34 countries. While it used to be so difficult to travel back then. What's more, he had contributed a great deal to the Indian Independence Movement. He was also a social reformer. At a time when most people were using the sense of Nationalism to fight against the Britishers, Rabindranath Tagore was a step ahead of them. He believed in the ideology of Internationalism.

Come, friends, let's get to know this great person in today's article. As always, let's start at the beginning. Rabindranath Tagore's family name or surname was Kushari. He was a Brahmin. And their family was so rich that they were called Thakur. But the Britishers couldn't pronounce the name. So they mispronounced it and started using Tagore. That's where he got his name, Tagore. And over time, 'Tagore' became commonly used.

Now, Rabindranath Tagore's grandfather, Dwarkanath Tagore, was a very prominent industrialist. He had several businesses in sectors like banking, insurance, coal- mining, and silk. And if you remember the episode on Raja Ram Mohan Roy, I had told you, he was a close friend of Raja Ram Mohan Roy. And a member of his Brahmo Samaj. His son was Debendranath Tagore. Father of Rabindranath Tagore.

The mindset of Debendranath Tagore was not very business-oriented. Rather he believed more in spirituality. In Swami Vivekananda's spiritual journey, he had played a huge role. I talked about it in the episode Swami Vivekananda. Debendranath Tagore had 14 children. His youngest son was Rabindranath Tagore. He was born in 1861. Because Rabindranath Tagore's father was busy with his spiritual journey, and his mother wasn't healthy enough, he was mainly raised by servants in his childhood. Later on, he describes this period of his life as a 'Servocracy.' Rule of the Servants.

July 13, Kathmandu.

A powerful earthquake in April 2072 not only caused great damage to property in the country but also led to the construction of strong structures. Discussions also started on the construction of traditional or modern style structures. It also provided an opportunity for many to know and understand the importance of the traditional style.

Vijay Lama of Humla Simkot built a two-and-a-half-story RCC building four years ago for Rs 70 million. When asked about the reason for constructing such an expensive building by transporting cement and poles in a helicopter, Lama said, "After the earthquake in Kathmandu, there was a rumor that there would be an earthquake. I demolished the old house to make it safer."

According to Lama, there are now two government offices and about half a dozen such houses in Simkot. According to Lama, there is a bid to demolish an old house in Simkot and build a modern building.

Presenting the final budget of this term, Kathmandu Metropolitan City has announced a bumper offer to the city dwellers who build houses in the old style. According to the new criteria of the corporation, if a person repairs an old house in the World Heritage Area, a procedure has been made to give him a grant of up to Rs 3.2 million.

For this, the settlements within the metropolis have been divided into four categories and the title of the grant has been specified accordingly. For example, if someone builds an old-style house in the Naya Baneshwor area, the grant he gets will be less than if he builds a house in the Asan area. Officials in the metropolis say the decision was made after locals lost interest in building the old design house.

July 05, Kathmandu.

The proposal to declare Sardar Bhakti Thapa a national hero has been circulating in various ministries for almost a decade. The proposal was not found in the ministry to be submitted to the Council of Ministers. Due to this, the proposal went round in Singha Durbar. Last time, the proposal reached the Council of Ministers through the Ministry of Home Affairs.

The cabinet meeting held on 28 June decided to declare Sardar Bhakti Thapa a national hero.

The practice of declaring greatness has been going on in Nepal since the Panchayat period. Since 2056 BS, 4 national dignitaries have been added. But so far there are no clear criteria for declaring greatness.

Due to the lack of criteria, it has been alleged that the declaration is made under pressure and influence rather than based on a contribution to the nation. But the government's decision to declare Thapa a genius has been praised by some historians and experts in the field.

Proposal tangled in the ministry

When the criteria and scope of work were not clear, the process of declaring Sardar Bhakti Thapa as a lunatic revolved around three ministries. So far, it is not clear which ministry will propose the declaration.

The Bir Bhakti Thapa National Unity Study Center had submitted a proposal to the Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Civil Aviation demanding that Thapa be declared a Vibhuti. According to ministry sources, the ministry sent the proposal to the defense ministry saying it did not fall under its purview. An official of the Ministry of Defense informed that he was sent to the Ministry of Defense as he has a personality related to the army. After the Ministry of Defense sent the matter to the Ministry of Home Affairs saying that it would not fall under its purview, the Council of Ministers declared Thapa a national hero on the proposal of the Ministry of Home Affairs.

Home Ministry spokesman Janak Raj Dahal said, "It is not clear which ministry falls under the purview of proposing the declaration of merit, so we have sent the proposal according to the policy of the Home Ministry not to cover other ministries. Its scope is not clear."

The tradition of declaring greatness without any clear policy has been criticized by scholars saying that even though some deserving people have received this title, some people who have not been identified in history have been declared great.

Bhakti Thapa 17th Vibhuti

Bhakti Thapa has become the 17th national icon of Nepal. The government had declared Mahaguru Falgunananda as the 16th national hero on December 3, 2008. The 15 national dignitaries announced earlier have been declared during the reign of the king during the Panchayat rule in 2060 BS.

Cultural expert Satya Mohan Joshi says that the practice of declaring national identity has started from the Panchayat. Even then, it was the Council of Ministers that made the crucial decision.

The then government declared Pasang Lhamu Sherpa as a great man on April 26, 2059 BS and Shankhadhar Sakhwa as a great man on 3 December 2056 BS. Apart from the above, Gautam Buddha, Anshuvarma, Sita, Janak, Araniko, Ramshah, Amar Singh Thapa, Prithvi Narayan Shah, Bhanubhakta Acharya, Bhimsen Thapa, Barbara Kunwar, Tribhuvan, and Motiram Bhatt are national heroes.

It is commendable to declare Bhakti Thapa a great man

During the unification of Nepal, in 1839 BS, Dalmardan Shah, Vanshraj Pandey, Jiv Shah, and others attacked Tarkughat, the capital of Lamjung. At that time, Bhakti Thapa was the commander of the Lamjunge army.

After the victory of Gorkha in the battle of Tarkughat, Bhakti Thapa was taken prisoner by the Gorkhali army and brought to Gorkha. Due to his loyalty to the country and an efficient army, Prithvi Narayan Shah's army at that time may have made him a prisoner of war. Jagman Gurung.

After bringing him to Gorkha and making him a prisoner of war, he gradually became positive towards the unification campaign. Then he started fighting on behalf of Gorkha. Gurung says that his greatness is to support Gorkha by forgetting his enmity to support the unification campaign of the country.

According to the history written by the Nepal Army. Thapa died at the age of 72 in the battle of Malau on April 20, 1872.

Thapa, a skilled and honest military officer and a staunch supporter of national security, had been proposed for declaring him a national hero for nearly a decade. Historians are happy that the government's decision on 14 June brought justice to a heroic warrior after nearly 200 years.

Historian Ramesh Dhungel says that the government has made commendable decisions in this regard despite some controversial and bad decisions. Dhungel said that it was commendable to declare Thapa a national hero even though there were few national heroes to be proud of in Nepal.

But Dhungel understands that when government officials give the title of Vibhuti from Goji under pressure and influence without evaluating the contribution, it is an insult to the deserving Vibhuti.

No one's identity, no one's name

Arani is the fifth national hero of Nepal. Aniko's name comes after Gautama Buddha, Sita, Janak, Anshuvarma based on the estimated period and not the date of announcement But Arani's characters are not found anywhere in the source of Nepali history. His name is not known for sure.

According to cultural expert Joshi's book 'Artist Araniko', Chinese sources have confirmed that he went to China from Nepal, but local sources have not mentioned Araniko's name so far.

Dr. According to Dhungel, Arani is translated from the Chinese name Valgo Anig. According to Chinese sources, even if he has gone to China from Nepal, his real name has not been identified yet.

However, it is not clear what kind of personality the government will declare a national hero. It is not possible to get a degree by not having access to the government even if one is qualified without specifying the criteria based on war, literature, religion, or any other genre.

Looking at the field of literature, Bhanubhakta Acharya and Motiram Bhatt have been declared a national heroes. But since then, the same great writers have not been able to become great. Dhungel says, "What was the weakness of Laxmi Prasad Devkota who could not become a great man and was not made?"

Even some of the greats proclaimed based on religious beliefs have not been proven by history. King Janak and Princess Sita, who are believed to have been born in Janakpur, are characters in religious stories. Even though he was an ideal character in a religious story, what did he contribute to Nepal? The issue is not clear.

V.S. History has not spoken clearly about Shankhadhar Sakhwa, who was declared a hero in 2056 BS. The locals of Kathmandu pay homage to Sakhwa in remembrance of the language genealogy that freed him from debt after the sand became gold.

But there is no scientific evidence to prove that sand itself is gold, says Dhungel. There is no mention of him in any archaeological source except for a statue of Pashupati carrying a conch. Apart from language genealogy, there is no reference to him in other genealogies as well.

Dhungel also raises questions about the criteria by which Pasang Lhamu Sherpa was declared a genius. He suggests that when declaring a person a genius, he should prepare a basis for clear criteria by mentioning his contribution to the state.

"Many of the characters have been declared geniuses in terms of accessibility," he says.

"Why didn't Subba Prahlad Gurung become Vibhuti?"

Many historical characters have not only become great but also failed to become great. Looking at the contribution of Sthiti Malla when he became a hero of Anshuvar, he is also considered to be worthy of greatness. One of them is Subba Prahlad Gurung.

Fifteen years ago today, the government had formed a committee under the coordination of Modnath Prashrati to declare martyrs and heroes. Culturologist Jagman Gurung recalls, 'Prashratiji also asked me to name a person who has made a great contribution to the nation on behalf of Gurung. I gave the name of Prahlad Gurung who was killed while presenting his heroism in the war with the British in Rajgad. But later he said that even Vibhuti could not be declared a martyr. Perhaps if there was a clear criterion, he (Gurung) would have been declared a national hero. '

Dr. According to Gurung, Prahlad is also a warrior who attained heroism along with Bhakti Thapa. The day after Thapa's death in Malau, an army team led by Amar Singh Thapa set out to attack Rajgad. In the same battle, Subba Prahrlad Gurung was martyred. Then, on 6 April 1872, Chautaria Bam Shah declared the battle of the western fort of Kangra over.

He said that the history is written by the army that the war ended with the death of Bhakti Thapa was incomplete and suggested correcting it.

Even now, the government of Nepal has given Gurung's company the city target to him, and his target is Taskuchin (golden glitter). It is said that Tas Kuchin Gurung snatched it from the flag of British captain Akhtar Lohani.

Even now, in the house of Subba Prahlad Gurung's child in Chaur village of Kaski, that mark is left and there is worship from the government guthi. Gurung explains.

Retired after serving in the Nepal Army for more than three decades, Purna Silwal has deep knowledge and experience in national security, foreign strategy, and many other issues. Silwal, who has also played an important role in formulating Nepal's national security policy, has published a new book covering various topics. He has brought out many issues due to the philosophy, values, national interest, and challenges of the establishment of the state of Nepal, political instability.

Silwal has done extensive research and study on the politicization of Nepal's security forces, military-civilian relations, external influence and interference in Nepal's internal affairs, and the Nepal strategy of neighboring India and China. Edited excerpt from a conversation with Silval in the same book:

Where did the retired person from the top of the Nepal Army get the inspiration to write a book on political instability, national security, and foreign policy?

I am inspired to write a book called Nepal's Instability Condom (Mystery of Nepal's Instability) by the seven-decade cycle of political instability in Nepal and its impact on economic, social, diplomatic, and national interests. I started this research to find out the reasons for this.

Nepal is one of the most volatile and poor countries in South Asia. There have been repeated political and armed battles for regime change, in which the influence of foreign powers has been decisive, but Nepal's national interest has not been strengthened.

In the last 70 years, Nepal has been the most volatile, uncertain, and politically fluid country in South Asia. This is the seventh constitution since 1948. None of the prime ministers, whether appointed by the king or elected by the parliament, could complete their term.

The country has had 50 prime ministers, including an executive king who ruled directly from 1951 to 2017. On average, there is one prime minister every 16 months. Meanwhile, only 16 people have become prime ministers in India, 26 in Pakistan, and 21 in Bangladesh. Political instability and armed conflict dragged foreign and non-state actors into Nepal's domestic affairs.

The aspirations of the people for livelihood, development of the country, economic prosperity, and other issues of concern have not been addressed. When you return to Nepal from abroad, the feeling that Nepal is poorer than the country you returned from is evident from the journey from the airport. People are curious as to why this happened, my country will say why this happened.

Nepal is the oldest country in South Asia, but it is also weak in terms of national security, foreign intervention, and poverty. I have been thinking for a long time about why this is happening. I have also been writing many articles in the national interest.

Stability and national security are intertwined. If there is stability, there will be economic development. It has been nine years since the current Prime Minister of Bangladesh came to power. When he was the Prime Minister, the GDP there was the same as that of Nepal. Now, Bangladesh has overtaken India.

Economic development in Nepal is due to instability. I have written this book for the purpose of conducting research on the reasons behind Nepal's instability, weakening national security, foreign interference in internal affairs, and increasing economic dependence, how to get Nepal out of this maze, and to inform the policymakers and the people about it.

What are the main topics covered in the book?

The book openly discusses the philosophy and vision of the establishment of the Nepali nation, what are our core values, what are our national interests and where both these threats come from internal and external sources, and how our concept of national security and stability has evolved. Has been done.

We still have some strengths behind our existence as an independent and autonomous country, it is also a matter of what that strength is. It gives knowledge on how to make Nepal a strong, stable, and prosperous country now.

The next paragraph deals with the political instability that has developed in Nepal, especially since 2007. In this book, an attempt has been made to delve deeper into the reasons behind the collapse of the constitutional monarchy and the destabilization of the republican system.

The next paragraph discusses the negative impact on the stability and security of the country if the civil-military relations are not good and concludes that instability will increase if there is no civilian control over the army in a democratic system.

The next paragraph discusses how the state fought the Maoist armed insurgency, the foreign assistance the Maoists received during the conflict, the political mistakes made by the state, and the contribution of the Nepal Army to national security.

The most interesting paragraph 6 discusses in detail the impact of geography and geopolitics on Nepal, India's main national interest in Nepal, and the strategies it has adopted to achieve it. Similarly, the book also provides an analytical analysis of Nepal's interests in India and the strategies adopted by Nepal.

Similarly, what national interests China has in Nepal and what strategies it has been pursuing to achieve them, and Nepal-US and Nepal-UK strategic and security relations are also analyzed in detail in this paragraph. As it is an exploratory book, each paragraph combines various topics with established principles and examples from foreign countries.

There is also the issue of external interference in Nepal's internal affairs. What is its status?

From the time of King Ran Bahadur Shah, the process of gaining power based on external power has started. The Rana maintained the deep sovereignty and integrity of the country despite the internal oppression of the people by maintaining a deep friendship with the British Empire.

After India became independent, the situation changed completely. External interference began to increase. Three powers emerged in Nepal. The monarchy that used to be in Khopi also came out as a separate power. Similarly, the democratic power Nepali Congress emerged, and the communist power was also born.

The political goals of these three powers are completely different. The goal of the monarchy was how to strengthen itself and gain power and the liberal democracy of the Nepali Congress. The goal of the communists was to take the country to communism anyway. Since these three powers do not meet, they have moved forward in parallel to their respective destinations.

In India, there is no difference between the Indian National Congress and the Bharatiya Janata Party on the issue of the system. Similarly, in the United States, there is no dispute between Republicans and Democrats over the system. Nepal has never been stable due to the conflict between three rival ideologies.

Political stability would have been maintained in Nepal if everyone had considered the same system but had different views only on economic prosperity and how to strengthen the country.

Their priority is to change the system, they have the thought and goal that the country will develop only if the system they want comes.

The monarchy would strengthen the monarchy, the communists would bring the communist system and the Congress would bring the pluralistic democratic system. Even after entering the peace process, the Maoists were trying to bring about the system they wanted. Different destinations of Madhesi parties have emerged. As long as there is no agreement between the parties on the system, political instability will continue.

Apart from communism, all kinds of political systems have been used in Nepal. However, even a single majority government of the Communist Party of Nepal could not provide stability. Not all the systems used have provided stability and prosperity. Its inner and outer causes and effects are explained in the book.

There is a tendency to seek power with the support of external forces and also to seek external help to survive after gaining power. The Rana rule has lasted for 104 years due to external assistance. Tribhuvan and the Nepali Congress also changed the system with outside help.

When the Nepali Congress tried to revolt peacefully, it was Nehru who put pressure on the armed movement. Since then, India seems to have supported KI Singh's revolt. India also seems to have helped the Khampa insurgency.

India seems to have tacitly supported the Maoists on the condition that they use Indian land and not interfere with their interests with the Indian government. I have presented the issues including Ram Raja Prasad Singh's bomb-making training in India with footnotes.

India's support is seen in all the armed and political movements in Nepal. But internal political actors are responsible for this. It did not come by itself, it was brought by the political parties. External actors are invited by internal actors for their own selfish ends.

The subject of political interference in the security forces is also in the book. What is the situation?

There is not much political interference in the affairs of the Nepal Army, but it seems that the elected government has not taken ownership over the army. There may be some dissatisfaction with the work done by the top commanders, there may be some external pressure but there has been no political interference.

The government must maintain control over the security forces through constitutional provisions, laws, policy directives, and good practice. When micromanaged, it weakens the security forces. The tendency to use the army and police for the benefit of the monarchy, political parties, any faction, and leadership since 1990 has eroded their willpower and professionalism.

At the time of writing the 1990 constitution, there was a tussle to keep the Nepal Army under its control. During the process of writing the constitution, the king sought some means to maintain his traditional control. For this, the National Security Council was established, but it could not take strategic decisions when necessary, nor could it mobilize the army. Ultimately, it damaged the monarchy and the two-pillar system.

The early years of the conflict saw a kind of competition between the security forces. Extreme politicization took place in the police and the National Investigation Department. Attempts were made to politicize the counter-agency campaign and take institutional and political advantage. This has been done by both the court and the political parties. This game was also seen in the case of CK Raut and the Biplav group. These topics are covered in the book.

What was the state of foreign aid in the Maoist movement during the study?

Armed rebellion in any country cannot succeed without foreign assistance. Terrorism is a different matter, but politically motivated armed conflict is supported by like-minded state and non-state forces. Due to the open borders, every political power seems to have used Indian land and sought support in the movement. The Congress has fought based on India, the Maoists have done the same. No party should be supported by a foreign power until it has gained power, but its power seems to have supported it after crossing a point. My argument is that the Maoists couldn't carry out any political activity inside India and use Indian soil without being outside India's spy radar.

Have you studied in-depth about the blockade imposed by India, have you also discussed it?

India has imposed five blockades on Nepal so far. The first economic embargo was imposed in 1962. The blockade was imposed to put pressure on King Mahendra to join the Nepali Congress. India lifted the blockade after China started a war with India. The blockade of 1971 was imposed by India after Nepal refused to sign the trade and transit agreement.

The blockade of 1989 was meant to teach lessons about trade, transit, and arms imports from China, and to support the people's movement in Nepal. During the 2006 People's Movement, a military blockade was imposed by Western powers, including India.

The blockade of 2015 was forced to amend the constitution as demanded by India. In all political changes in Nepal, India has supported Nepal's opposition alliances and parties. However, the establishment has always called it external interference.

Since 1950, external forces seem to have provided assistance to all parties struggling to overthrow the system, including blockades. Such assistance is rare for Nepal's stability.

Is there any sign of Maoist armed conflict and unstable politics in Nepal?

In 2001, then-Prime Minister Girija Prasad Koirala resigned after a failed military rescue mission in Holeri. His exit from the government, the split in the Nepali Congress, and the failure of Prime Minister Deuba to hold elections led to a royal takeover and the collapse of the twin-pillar system. The Maoist insurgency became Nepal's number one challenge for Nepal's immediate order, stability, and security. The transition period was protracted due to the Hriyang over of the same conflict and the different destinations of the main political forces, and the mutual republics and the constitution brought by the parties could not bring stability.

Hello, friends!

America has spent around $2 Trillion on the Afghan wars. For 20 years, the US Army was stationed in Afghanistan. Now, since the US Army is leaving Afghanistan, the Taliban is gaining a strong foothold over the country.

By now, the situation has deteriorated so much that less than 50% of the area in Afghanistan is actually under the control of the Afghan Government. It may happen very soon that the Afghan government is overthrown by the Taliban.

It is a huge crisis whose effects are felt even in India. Because India is not very far from Afghanistan. But to understand this complex geopolitical crisis properly, we'll need to delve into the history. Come, let's find out in today's article.

First, a few words for Danish Siddiqui. An award-winning India photojournalist.

Who was killed by the Taliban in Afghanistan? He was a true journalist.

He presented the truth to us by literally putting his life on the line. In a way that hardly any other journalist dares to nowadays. Be it the farmers' protest, the corona crisis, or the migrant crisis. His photos were always so thought-provoking. But when do fanatics like the truth? Some extremists killed him. And some celebrated his death. I hope that his work has inspired many youngsters. In taking journalism for the right reasons.

To properly understand the situation in Afghanistan, friends, we need to start the story at the beginning.